Research is hard, and many findings turn out to be wrong...

Earlier in the summer we looked at a live controversy about a social science paper making claims about the impact of gay parents on the well being of children. Controversy over the paper drove the University of Texas to undertake an investigation of whether scientific misconduct was involved.

The investigation is complete, and finds no evidence of misconduct (falsification of data or other unethical practices). Meanwhile the journal that originally published the article has conducted an 'audit' of it and they find it seriously flawed.

Careful review and extensive discussion of this paper emerged because of the politically charged nature of the conclusions. This paper was approved through a peer review process for publication, as are thousands of others every week. It has real flaws, uncovered in the more intense review it received. How many of those other papers share flaws at this scale?

Early in the summer, Austin posted a link to a paper concluding that most research studies are wrong.

Again, this paper is not claiming misconduct, it's just reminding us that the standard for discovery (a 1 in 20 probability of chance occurrence), combined with the strong bias against publishing null results, guarantees that most interesting new discoveries will in fact be wrong. There's another paper on this effect in this month's American Scientist magazine.

All of this calls for a strong dose of humility in research. Initial positive findings ought to be treated as a reason for interest, rather than as discoveries.

Twitter Findings-Research's Impact on Criminal Justice

To Err Is Human: Using Science to Reduce Mistaken Eyewitness Identifications in Police Lineups 

Perusing my twitter, as I often do, looking for news and interesting things, I found this article from the National Institute of Justice's journal. I think it's a good example of condensing a lot of literature and research into something consumable by people outside the fields in question and its real life application. Since we ended our summer with public scholarship, I thought I'd share:

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/238486.pdf 

Reflections from the Inside Out: It Keeps Us Human!

"Prison is another world." 

A Corrections Officer (CO) told me the first time I went to Gus Harrison Correctional Facility. Every week I travel inside to another world. Through the bubble and across the yard with fences all around me and men gawking because my partner and I are an oddity in this world. This world with its own language to learn--CO, the bubble, LOPs, Special Acts, sanctions, PPDs, send a kite to Ms. Bates--and  protocols to follow--wait for the door to close, through the metal detector, shoes and socks off, check your feet, mouth open, turn around, patted down. Sometimes there are comments thrown from across the yard but I shake it off and move on, head up, eyes forward. (Unless its someone I know, then a quick wave and a hello! resist the urge to run. Never run.)

After a dip into this world traveling through the yard and to the school building (yes, a school building. This one even has a gym), one more sign in and I'm here finally. Into a classroom, with windowed walls, I enter a world within a world: workshop. Here in the space we create. We act and we laugh. We play. And for a few moments through the games we play, our energy and acting, our words and stories--we are just people, just human, just us. For a moment, we could be anyone anywhere. For a moment, we are in a court room and someone is being sentenced to life in prison. We are inside a living room and siblings quarrel. A man wins the lotto. A sibling gets locked up. For a moment the yard outside is but a memory. Then I am reminded of exactly where I am, we are. We are inside prison. We cannot touch, not even a handshake. We are inside prison and through windowed walls COs stare and other inmates wonder. What are those crazy people doing in that drama class?

It's not all pretty, it's certainly not easy, but with courage we take risks, I take risks, and this vibrant new world within a world rings with ourselves just as we are. Happy as we are; scared as we are; lonely as we are; hurting as we are. And we need this space. The guys need this space. As Abdullah said in my last workshop, "On the yard we have to walk around angry all the time, but here we can really ask 'hey, how ARE you?" Because vulnerability on the inside is dangerous. It's life-threatening. But everyone needs to be vulnerable. It's only human. I don't know who or what I would become if I had to walk around angry and closed. Locked up and locked down. And I need this space too. I walk around with my own walls up, head down, focused focused focused, busy busy busy. But in workshop I find support and honesty. I forget those things in my life I just cannot handle right now and play. 

In this space we create characters and scenes that build on each other and off each other into plays. Original plays improv'ed from beginning to end. What plays we create! They are complex and if we are honest they are deep. Our play on Wednesday, the second I've ever been a part of (my first play you'll have to ask me about another time), was called 'Life's a Gamble.' We created it in 3 workshops and performed it on the fourth, our sixth meeting. That's a total of 4.5 hours (the first two workshops we worked on an idea that we scrapped on the third workshop). Well, 4.5 hours plus all the work the guys put in during the week and the thinking/planning that Emily and I did. But three weeks and we had a play! And a complicated play at that. 

'Life's a Gamble' centers on a poker game, but it's not about poker. Rather it is about the intersecting lives and relationships of the people at the table and not at the table. It is about family loyalty and friendship. It is about the unpredictability of living, mistakes, learning, and growing. In essence: a snapshot of lives. The main players are a barber, prosecutor, 2 brothers and a sister, and their friends a lotto winner and victim. Their stories at first seem unrelated but it comes out through a weekly poker game they are deeply intertwined. The brother and sister (George and Diane) have a problem. Their brother Twitch is in jail for stalking someone and they need $500,000 to bail him out. Incidentally, George’s friend Que has just won the lottery. Could this be the solution to their problem? Meanwhile, Diane's friend Penelope, who's being stalked by Twitch, suddenly claims Que is her daughter Ariel's father. Penelope burns her friend and wins over Que to collect back logged child support. In  the final scene where Twitch is sentenced we learn he wasn't stalking Penelope at all. He was trying to see his daughter: Ariel. 

Got it? Good. We had a ton of fun creating it and performing for an unfortunately limited audience. But hey, its prison. What can ya do? Roll with the punches and carry on. At the end we celebrated the men in the workshop with certificates, applause, and congratulations all around. One guy told me he's going to mail his certificate home to his kids to put on the fridge. Another told me he's going to hang it in his cube (cell). We all had ridiculous grins on our faces, proud of what we accomplished.

"Why do you do this anyway?" 

A CO recently asked me in the bubble. I stumbled to answer her, whose job is the nearly the opposite of mine. COs must maintain power as they are in a precarious position, greatly outnumbered by the men they rule over. (Yes, rule. Each prison is much like a little fiefdom) They must build walls and barriers to keep people apart and different. Whereas, I seek to connect. I seek connection in all areas of my life. In academics the connection of abstract things, of words, ideas and facts. In my life, connecting with people. I sought out PCAP (Prison Creative Arts Project through which the workshops are run and supported) in order to make connections with people. People many forget are still people too. I was scared it would be hard or impossible to connect with people inside prison. I don't know them. I don't know their lives. I don't know where they have been or what they are living through everyday. But the beauty of workshop--the beauty and light inside a very dark place--is that people are reaching back out toward me and you. Yearning to connect and stay human.

"It keeps us human!" Danny proclaimed in a discussion following our play. That's just it. It keeps us human.


I carry with me a part of the inside. A small part, yes, but a powerful part that has shaped me and continues to shape me. I carry the voices and power of the men I work with every week: GB, Stevo, Ricky, Danny, Jerry, Dee, Anthony, Romeo, Que, Abdullah, Lil Jon, and the men in my last workshop. It's the connections created on the inside, in our world within a world, that keep me looking back as I walk away. The connections that make me want to run up to the man I know across the fence. But don't run. Never run. I'm in prison. 

For further reading and viewing:

1. Here's the blog of a man who inspires me in honesty and responsibility: HURLCO 

2. I am a Voice Exhibition Promo

3. I also recommend Disguised as a Poem: My Years Teaching Poetry at San Quentin by Judith Tannenbaum 

A scholarly controversy in progress

A relatively high profile academic controversy has arisen around the publication of a recent paper in Social Science Research called "How different are the adult children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study". The author, Mark Regnerus, is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at Austin. Here is the paper's abstract.

Abstract
The New Family Structures Study (NFSS) is a social-science data-collection project that fielded a survey to a large, random sample of American young adults (ages 18–39) who were raised in different types of family arrangements. In this debut article of the NFSS, I compare how the young-adult children of a parent who has had a same-sex romantic relationship fare on 40 different social, emotional, and relational outcome variables when compared with six other family-of-origin types. The results reveal numerous, consistent differences, especially between the children of women who have had a lesbian relationship and those with still-married (heterosexual) biological parents. The results are typically robust in multivariate contexts as well, suggesting far greater diversity in lesbian-parent household experiences than convenience-sample studies of lesbian families have revealed. The NFSS proves to be an illuminating, versatile dataset that can assist family scholars in understanding the long reach of family structure and transitions.

Response to this paper has been highly charged, even in the academic community. I have not tried to follow it all, but expect it would be interesting for some of you to explore. For a few entry points, you might read these two opposing columnists from the Chronicle of Higher Education.

The first, Laurie Essig, points out weaknesses in the article and calls into question its intentions. In a second essay, Essig generalizes her critique, stressing that research is not made more objective simply through application of larger data sets.

The second, Peter Wood, generally defends Regnerus, especially endorsing the usual scholarly process, rather than special administrative investigations, as the right way to criticize work like this.

Regnerus himself wrote less formally about this in Slate.

Since we will have Al Young, the Chair of the Sociology Department with us on Thursday, I thought some of you might want to take a look at all this and discuss it with him.

Whatever is going on here (and I truly don't know), it is an example of the complexity which can emerge from research on topics of current social and political interest.

A Visual Stimulation

Here's an impressive graph by Brendan Griffen showing how people have influenced each other through the ages. According to the creator, the data comes from anyone with a Wikipedia page that contains an "influenced by" heading. The colors are:

• Red – 19th/20th century philosophers
• Green – antiquity & enlightenment philosophers
• Pink – enlightenment authors
• Yellow – 19th/20th century authors (~fiction/philosophy)
• Orange – fiction authors
• Purple – comedians

A useful tool, perhaps, as we near the end of the summer

Hey Everyone!


As we're starting to get near to the end of the summer, I'm beginning to think about a task Lisa Young, the undergraduate thesis wonder woman for archaeology, set to me and the others in my cohort: drawing out a concept map for our projects. 


Here's the description of the task, from Lisa herself:


Put a general word or phrase that sums up your research topic on one side of the paper and a word or phrase that summarizes the type of information you are collecting at the other side and write down all the concepts and/or references that you think will be important to connect them.  Think about how you will justify why your case studies are important for answering the research question(s) you are developing and why the research is important in the area where you are working.  This concept map is meant to be useful for you so you can organize it in whatever way helps you think about the connection between your general research questions and your data – think connection is one of the difficult aspects of archaeology and research in general.


I thought I'd share this idea with everyone because I like thinking visually and I'm assuming others do to, and I anticipate this being a useful tool in terms of summing up what research I've done so far for my project and where the holes are that I still need to fill in. 


I thought it would maybe be cool (if other people are interested in this) to post our concept maps on the blog once created to see how others are conceptualizing their research, theories, and general project. It might be an interesting experiment in the efforts of interdisciplinarity. Just a thought. 


See y'all soon!

Resources for Social Sciences

Here is a link to some potential resources, geared for the social sciences. Hopefully it will be of some use to some of you! In particular, the first link on the page about proposals is particularly useful to all of us as we begin writing our proposals.

http://www.gradschool.umd.edu/Writing_Resources/Colleges/Social%20Science%20Resources.html

Two theoretical/statistical questions about directions of correlations, forgive my statistical ignorance, I really need help!

1. When I search for relevant articles to support my arguments, I often come across correlational studies. Often, the correlations found from regression models seem non-directional (e.g. life satisfaction and self-esteem can influence each other bidirectionally) but the articles often base their discussion on one direction of the correlation (e.g. life satisfaction can be predicted from self-esteem). Would it still be appropriate to cite the same study in support of "self-esteem can be predicted from life satisfaction"?
2. Can a longitudinal design really eliminate the plausibility of having a correlational conclusion in a direction opposite to your prediction? This is what I found in one article, but it seems like most people assume the directions of certain correlations without doubt, especially if it is based on longitudinal studies. "On a more general level we believe that there are three common, important and less widely recognized misunderstandings with respect to longitudinal study designs in occupational health psychology. The first of these is that we can prove causality by using longitudinal study designs. The extent to which causal inferences can be made depends on the following four conditions: temporal ordering of the focal variables, the strength of the statistical association between them, theoretical plausibility of the presumed causal relationship, and exclusion of plausible rival hypotheses for this relationship (2, unpublished manuscript by de Lange et al). While the first three conditions are relatively easy to satisfy with a longitudinal design, it is impossible to exclude the possibility that particular associations are due to variables that were not measured in the study design. Thus we can never prove causal relationships; the best we can do is argue that it is plausible that certain statistical associations can be understood in causal terms." 

Higgs Boson Explained in Animation!!

http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1489

A Comic about Research.... very fitting

http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1506

Jennifer has her finger on the literary pulse...

After all our talk about Sebald today, I come home to find this link to a new National Review Article about W.G. himself. Jennifer, it's clear your chosen topic is in the public eye. I do hope that by the end of the summer you will give us a few suggestions for Sebald things we should read.

This article is a review of a new volume of Sebald's collected poems: Across the Land and Sea. I'm afraid this reviewer finds his prose better than his poetry...some of which is very obscure - "something like reading “The Waste Land” without the notes".

I remember reading, in college, Wolfgang Borchert's play The Man Outside. A story of the impossibility of returning home after war, I found it very moving at the time. There is a beautiful, quiet US film on the topic called "The Best Years of our Lives" which is well worth seeing.

News from Around the World

I'm always looking for new avenues of acquiring news from around the world and am especially interested in finding and learning from different perspectives. I was very excited to learn from Cydney about Watching America. It's a site that translates articles from other languages into English so readers can form an understanding of how the rest of the world is seeing us. Cool right? I wish I knew more languages so I could simply reading them from source, but this is the next best thing. Even better, Cydney has recently began translating for the site! Check her out: http://watchingamerica.com/News/165592/follow-the-money-2/

Higgs Boson Evidence

Higgs Boson Evidence on Science Friday

What Higgs Boson evidence actually looks like! :)

"whimsical organisms"

A little fusion of poetry and science:

http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/07/06/mary-e-harrington-science-poetry/

About the media's influence...

One of my favorite webcomics is PhD Comics, created by Jorge Cham, who spends half of his time as a researcher at Caltech and the other half traveling the world, promoting his comics (quite an interesting career; I believe he spoke at Michigan last year, but I unfortunately found out too late). The comics depict the ups and downs of grad student life in hilarious ways, and having been involved in research throughout undergrad, I find it to be frightfully accurate. Talking today about the media's influence made me recall this amusing piece.

Here's a link to his most popular comics, some of which I will never tire: http://www.phdcomics.com/comics/most_popular.php 

A Map of a Literary Genre

Having somewhat narrowed my topic, I thought I'd share this amazing map not only because it's fascinating, but also to try and show you the exact moment in the history of speculative fiction on which I'll be focusing my thesis. The name of the artist who drew the map is Ward Shelley, and he drew it in 2009. I'd personally call it a History of Speculative Fiction, as it includes the incipient Fantasy and Horror genres in its focus on SF.

The History of Science Fiction

The main obstacle I've encountered so far in my research has been the fact that I'm interested in basically every genre, sub-genre, and title featured in this graphic, plus some. But having focused my project on early lunar travel narratives, I can orient myself on the map in the upper left corner near "Pre-Scientific Imagination" - some of the texts on my reading list appear there, such as Johannes Kepler's "Somnium," Francis Godwin's "The Man in the Moon," Cyrano de Bergerac's "Empires of the Moon," and Margaret Cavendish's "The Blazing World."

I find this map to be awesome not only because of the impressive graphic design (I wonder how many drafts it took the artist to produce the final image), but also because of the level of informational detail the graphic goes into. Some may find it overwhelming, and frankly, I'm among them, but I see this complexity as a positive thing, a testament to how organic a literary genre can be as it evolves over time and why genres as a phenomenon are worthy of study.

Randomness + Procrastination --> Korean Hip Hop Culture Facebook Phenomena

I currently have the book "The Rhetoric of Soft Power" sitting on my lap, since I was about to begin transcribing the notes I took in it with sticky notes last night to my Evernote files. However, I am unsurprisingly on Facebook and news about the release of a new album by one of my favorite Korean hip hop artists, Beenzino, has been flooding my news feed. I am definitely frustrated waiting for someone to illegally upload it so I can listen to it (since, as a non-citizen, I can't buy Korean mp3s online legally and I'd have to have a friend buy the physical CD for me from Korea which would take at least a month...so annoying). But rather than complain more, I'm just going to productively procrastinate and get some free-flow writing out there, by discussing a really interesting phenomenon in the online Korean hip hop scene.

The album cover which has been staring at me teasingly for the past week from my Facebook News Feed.  

If I read one more comment/status saying "Are you guys listening to 2 4 : 2 6 right now??" I'm gonna punch someone. 

Anyways....... ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ (<-- 'hehehe' in Korean)

The main story:

Koreans (at least those who have been in Korea all their life, i.e. excluding international students) generally began adopting Facebook only last summer. Before, they had used a Korean SNS website called Cyworld. When Korean hip hop artists first began using Facebook, even though they are semi-famous, they added people to their personal accounts -- my suspicion is because they didn't know about the Fan Page feature. This resulted in many of them getting thousands of friends who are mainly just fans. (More recently, these artists have made traditional Fan Pages, but they still add/keep friends on their personal pages, too.) This has encouraged very close fan-artist relations in the Korean hip hop scene, and fans are very eager to support their favorite artists.

In particular, screen capture technology combined with tagging technology has resulted in a new fan phenomenon. Before an album comes out, fans will post the album cover as a picture on their page, and tag the artist in the photo, so the artist is aware that the fan is supporting them. Then, when the album has come out, fans will take screen captures of their smart phones, showing them in the middle of listening to the song. They then tag the artist in the screen capture. Here is what it ends up looking like on my News Feed:

Comments like this don't make me any less excited and anxious to listen to it!!!! But is it exaggeration to impress the artist? Who knows.... It's Beenzino though, bound to be dope! 

It's also not just that a few fans do this.... a lot of fans do it. To show, I went to Beenzino's personal page, and looked at the photos of him tagged. This is what I found....

Yup. That's right. 45 tags of people supporting his new album. And I'm sure there are more to come. It's only been out for a few hours as of now.

The interesting point to all of this is that fans don't merely want to share their favorite artists to their friends, but they also want to prove their fandom and dedication by showing the artists exactly what they are doing to promote them. In addition to fans  loyally spending money on going to concerts every weekend (which they do -- I saw it happen) and buying albums, they must now also VISIBLY show this support. Conspicuous consumption to be sure, but not only conspicuous consumption to prove their identity or status to their peers, but to the  people creating the products to be consumed as well.

Traditionally, conspicuous consumption of name brands, for example, is to show status mainly to peers. "I wear Chanel and thus I am more sophisticated and wealthy to you." Of course, this is a big world, and the people at Chanel have no way of knowing that You wore their products. All they see is revenue.

However, the relative smallness of the Korean hip hop community and the adoption of Facebook has allowed for conspicuous consumption which serves to solidify social relations between artist and fan. It is no longer merely enough to enjoy the music. To be a TRUE fan, you must wear your support on your sleeve, both for your peers and the artists themselves.


_____


So yeah. This is a really interesting topic to me, because it personally relates to my life. I, too, have certainly taken advantage of the opportunity to tag my favorite artists in my posts. For me, it is mainly because I want them to know that I appreciate the music they make. But it may be different for Koreans who have more peers who like Korean hip hop, and more strict Confucian mores guiding them. I'm also interested in learning what the artists think of this, and if it even makes a difference in their opinion of their fans? Also, does the nature of hip hop encourage a greater or particular intensity of fandom? 


Gosh..... I kind of want to make this into my thesis topic now since it's not so overwhelming compared to my other one. Hmmm.... we will see. ^^ 


Good studying to everyone..... and wish me luck that the album will come out on Youtube soon!!! hehehe I will post it for you to enjoy! 


Lyndsey~~ 

Becoming a 'Stylish' Writer

http://chronicle.com/article/Becoming-a-Stylish-Writer/132677/?cid=at&utm_source=at&utm_medium=en

Pulled in 100 Directions

During my time in the lab, 3 full years now, I feel like I have been pulled in every direction.  This month on top of doing my normal project I have been helping one of the graduate students with his tasks while he works on his prelims (the large examination he must pass in order to continue his training towards a Ph. D.).  It seems that every time a new project comes in I start it and get it going before someone new comes in and takes over.

Does anyone else feel like their project is always shifting around in lab?  How do you adjust and make a story out of all the different research?  I just worry sometimes because I have worked a little on a lot of projects that I will not be able to mesh it all together and make a thesis.  Suggestions are much appreciated!

Conversations with Experts

This is a short Q&A with Chemistry Nobel winner Dr. Avram Herschko that was published in the New York Times today. Dr. Herschko discovered the function of the ubiquitin-tagging protein degradation system.

First, I think the idea of interviewing a famous researcher and asking him - in simple terms - what it is he does, is a very simple and inspired idea. One the coolest things the Q&A reveals is that Dr. Herschko has a  tiny lab and does his own experiments himself rather than leaving the work to grad students.

Second, he gives two pieces of advice to students at the end that are great:

"I tell them not to go with the mainstream in picking a research topic. Also, if you have an unexpected finding, don’t ignore it. Serendipitous findings are sometimes the most important.

Another thing: If your mentor is not good, leave him. In these big labs, sometimes your mentor doesn’t know much about your activities. That’s not a mentor. For scientific research, you have to learn how to do it from a good researcher. I had that myself, and I try to pass it on to my own students."